Brussels, 21 February 2002
In the edition of Nature dated Thursday 21 February 2002, an international team of scientists report their analysis of the genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). The project, largely funded through a €6.9 million from the European Commission, is likely to have major implications for the future of cancer and other bio-medical research.
Fifty of the yeast genes were found to have significant similarity with genes involved in human diseases, including cystic fibrosis, hereditary deafness and non insulin dependent diabetes, and half were found to be cancer related. Because yeast cells are similar to human cells but easier to study, this work is leading to a better understanding of what each gene controls, and how they may be involved in cancer and other diseases in humans.
Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin commented this scientific breakthrough saying: "This type of research is yet another example for the strong link between scientic advancement and practical use for the citizen. Unlike other genomics projects, Europe has taken the leading role in this research through networking of the best. That is precisely what I have been advocating since the Lisbon summit in spring 2000, where I proposed to create a European Research Area."
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is known as fission yeast because it reproduces by splitting rather than by budding like Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), and is occasionally used for brewing beer. Like man, it is a eukaryote, i.e. an organism that, unlike bacteria, contains its genome in a nucleus inside the cell and is generally thought to be more complex.
The completion of the sequence and analysis of this genome is the result of the joint effort of 13 European laboratories led by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute which sequenced two-thirds of the genome and did the gene predictions and annotation for all of the sequence.
The global analysis of the genome was performed jointly by Cancer Research UK and the Sanger Institute. The second phase of the sequencing was carried out by a European Consortium led by the Sanger Institute. The consortium consisted of major European laboratories that also contributed to the S. cerevisiae genome project. The majority of funding for the project was from the European Commission (€6.9 million out of a total budget of €9.4 million).
The 133 authors of the Nature paper include Dr Paul Nurse of Cancer Research UK, whose work on fission yeast and cell division recently led to the award for the Nobel prize for Medicine, and Dr Bart Barrell and Val Wood from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute near Cambridge.
Dr Nurse stated: 'Biomedicine depends on our study of model organisms, which can provide key insights into the way in which the more complex human genome works. The genome fission yeast is only the sixth higher (eukaryotic) life form to be decoded. Significantly, many decisions the humble yeast cell makes in cell division use genes that are closely related to genes implicated in many human cancers: this small organism could prove vital in helping to better understand and treat cancer and other diseases.'
Val Wood, from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, commented: 'Each step in our study of genomes brings new and surprising understanding of the common basis that underlies the way cells work. In this international collaboration we have provided high-quality sequence and precise analysis of the genes buried in the fission yeast genetic code, demonstrating the value of sharing genomic information. Through this shared effort, the genome of S. pombe is one of the best annotated of any non-bacterial cell. As well as finding cancer-related genes, we have begun to illustrate how other functions in this, perhaps the simplest complex cell, can bring new tools to understanding ourselves and our place in evolution.'
The joint effort to sequence and analyse the sequence of a micro-organism to better understand and improve human health is a typical an example of the continuing European effort in the area of Genomics and Biotechnology for Health. Building on such major achievements, the European Commission proposes to allocate €2.2 billion to this priority in the forthcoming Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006).
Project web site: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_pomb e/
For further information concerning the report and the projects, please contact:
Don Powell, Press Officer, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Tel.: +44.1223.494.956, Fax: +44.1223.494.714
E-mail: don@sanger.ac.uk
For further information to the press, please contact:
Stephane Hogan, Press and Information Officer, DG Research, European Commission
Tel: +32.2.296.2965
E-mail: stephane.hogan@cec.eu.int
Notes to editors:
The European research consortium for the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome:
Partner organisations Representatives
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge (UK) Bart Barrell
Cancer Research, London (UK) Paul Nurse
Max-Plank Institüt für Molekulare Genetik, Berlin (DE) Richard Reinhardt
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (BE) Guido Volckaert
Université Catholique de Louvain (BE) André Goffeau
CNRS, Rennes (FR) Françis Galibert
INRA, Grignon (FR) Claude Gaillardin
GATC GmbH, Konstanz (DE) Thomas Pohl
Biotechnologische und Molekular Biologische Forschung, Willemsfeld (DE) Michael Rieger
Quiagen, Hilden (DE) Andrea Duesterhoeft
Universidad de Malaga (ES) Juan Jiminez Martinez
CSIC/Universidad de Salamanca (ES) Sergio Moreno
University of Exeter (UK) Stephen Aves
Contact details available on project web site: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/S_pomb e/
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is the sixth eukaryotic genome to be sequenced following Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), Caenorhabditis elegans (worm), Drosophilia melanogaster (fruit fly), Arabidopsis thaliana (small flowering plant), and homo sapiens (man). Among these, the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced and analysed largely through the European Commission research funding programmes.
In evolutionary terms, yeast split from lineage to humans (and plants) over 1000 million years ago. Therefore, it is not surprising that homologues of many genes 'typical' of eukaryotes were identified.
The results are regarded as very reliable with a sequence error rate better than 1/180,000. The sequence was also used to correct some ambiguities in map data.
The genome of fission yeast (S. pombe) is made up of three chromosomes (5.7 Mb, 4.6 Mb, 3.5 Mb) totalling 13.8 Mb. The genome contains the smallest number of protein coding genes yet recorded for an eukaryote, totalling 4824 which is less than some bacteria (such as Streptomyces coelicolor - usually regarded as the simplest forms of life) and only 33 pseudogenes ('dead' genes) whereas man has many thousands). About 1200 of these genes were known previously. At least 50 genes related to human disease genes - of these, half are cancer related.
Researchers identified highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organisation, including those required for the cell structure and movement, cell division, turnover of proteins in the cell and protein activation.
The genome is compact: about 60% codes for proteins (compare to about 2% in man). That is one gene for every 2500 base pairs (bp) of DNA (on average, every 100,000 bp in man). Genes are typically 1400 bp long (about 30,000 in man) with gaps between genes of usually 400-1000 bp.
Duplications of genes tend to occur near the ends of the chromosomes and usually involves proteins that are predicted to decorate the cell surface: similar variation occurs in malaria organism (Plasmodium falciparum). There is also a small number of transposable elements.