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  2. How to obtain the full report

    The full report, price Pounds 15.00, is available to order from all bookshops. The full report is also available on thecommittee's website at: www.studentfinance.org.uk

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  3. Events and ideas: 999-1200

    * EVENTS 999 A scientist as well as churchman, Silvester II becomes pope. 1000 Norwegian Leif Eriksson lands in Vinland, perhaps Canada. 1050 Musical clefs and staves invented 1054 Schism between...

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  4. Events and ideas: 1200-1345

    * EVENTS 1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople. 1208 St Francis founds Franciscan order of friars. 1215 King John signs Magna Carta, limiting royal authority. 1216 St Dominic founds Dominican order of...

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  5. Events and ideas: 1700-1800

    * EVENTS 1700 England and France dominate African slave trade to America 1738 Wesley founds Methodism 1748 Utilitarian philosopher and social reformer Jeremy Bentham born 1752 American statesman and...

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  6. Events and ideas: 1800-1900

    * EVENTS 1837 Victoria becomes Queen of United Kingdom 1840 Penny post founded 1846 Potato blight leads to Irish Famine 1850 Alfred, Lord Tennyson succeeds William Wordsworth as poet laureate (right...

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  7. 1,000 years of intellectual history

    Ancient texts reintroduced to Europe through Moorish Spain 1,000 years ago triggered an intellectual odyssey in the West that has transformed our world. Starting as a trickle, with the logical,...

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  8. Towards a rebirth

    A thousand years ago western civilisation stood at a low ebb, with much knowledge lying neglected in the libraries of remote monasteries or in Arab archives. Anthony Kenny charts the resurgence in...

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  9. The erosion of astrology

    Astrology was first a scientific subject, rather than a superstition. It arose from the application by the Ancient Greeks of philosophical and scientific structure to data first collected by the...

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  10. Knowledge equals power

    The revisiting of classical texts in 15th-century Europe made a humanist education essential for the elite. But in the 17th century, as technology became crucial to individual and national prosperity...

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  11. The witch persecution

    Between 1450 and 1750, about 100,000 people were accused of witchcraft in Europe. Of these, about 40,000 were executed. The period of the persecution began with witchcraft being defined as a crime in...

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  12. Events and ideas: 1345-1500

    * EVENTS 1348 Black Death (below) arrives in Europe, ultimately killing much of the population. 1378 Great Schism begins with rival popes in Avignon and Rome 1381 Poll tax sparks English Peasants...

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  13. Events and ideas: 1500-1600

    * EVENTS 1504 Leonardo paints Mona Lisa 1506 St Peter's basilica begun in Rome (right) 1509 Michelangelo takes three years to paint ceiling of Sistine Chapel 1517 Martin Luther defies the pope with...

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  14. Events and ideas: 1600-1700

    * EVENTS 1605 Guy Fawkes arrested as Gunpowder Plot fails (right) 1609 Galileo uses first complete telescope 1618 Pan-European Thirty Years' War begins 1620 Pilgrim Fathers set sail in Mayflower for...

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  15. Events and ideas: 1900-2000

    * EVENTS 1901 Queen Victoria dies 1914 First world war breaks out 1917 October revolution in Russia leads to communism 1919 Treaty of Versailles brings peace between Germany and the Allies 1929 Stock...

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